Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

Lipid nanoparticles hold great potential as an effective non-viral vector for nucleic acid-
based gene therapy. Plasmid DNA delivery can result in extended transgene expression …

DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells,,, which depend on
the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast …

Immunotherapy has achieved revolutionary success in clinics, but it remains challenging for
treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) characterized by high vascularization. Here, it is …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is critical for the recognition of immunostimulatory CpG motifs
but may cooperate with other TLRs. We analyzed TLR1–10 mRNA expression by using …

Dendritic cells (DCs) collect and process antigens for presentation to T cells, but there are
many variations on this basic theme. DCs differ in the regulatory signals they transmit …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal immunoregulatory role in the Th1, Th2, and Th3 cell
balance and are present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, DC may be targets for …

Fungal infections are increasing worldwide due to the marked rise in immunodeficiencies
including AIDS; however, immune responses to fungi are poorly understood. Dectin-1 is the …