Motivational processes underlie behaviors that enrich the human experience, and
impairments in motivation are commonly observed in psychiatric illness. While motivated …

Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

Humans do not integrate new information objectively: outcomes carrying a positive affective
value and evidence confirming one's own prior belief are overweighed. Until recently …

As the proverbial creatures of habit, people tend to repeat the same behaviors in recurring
contexts. This review characterizes habits in terms of their cognitive, motivational, and …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals
develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences …

Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors, characteristic of obsessive-
compulsive disorder and addiction, are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control …

Understanding the brain requires us to answer both what the brain does, and how it does it.
Using a series of examples, I make the case that behavior is often more useful than …

In this review, we summarize findings supporting the existence of multiple behavioral
strategies for controlling reward-related behavior, including a dichotomy between the goal …