Aims As an analgesic that acts upon the central nervous system (CNS), tramadol has gained
popularity in treating moderate to severe pain. Recently, it has been increasingly reported as …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Objectives To investigate the association between opium use and subsequent risk of death.
Design Prospective cohort study. Setting The Golestan Cohort Study in north-eastern Iran …

Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent present in fruits and vegetables. The
pharmaceutical uses of quercetin are limited due to many problems associated with low …

Tramadol is an opioid used as analgesic for treating moderate or sever pain. The long-term
use of tramadol can induce several deleterious effects. We investigated the impact of chronic …

Moderate‐to‐severe pain represents a heavy burden in patients' quality of life, and
ultimately in the society and in healthcare costs. The aim of this review was to summarize …

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Mitragyna speciosa Korth (ketum) is widely used in
Malaysia as a medicinal agent for treating diarrhea, worm infestations and also acts as an …

Objective: Probiotics such as lactobacilli prevent the development of a wide range of human
and animal's pathogens. The aim of this study was evaluation of antagonistic effect of …

Chronic pain presents a huge economic and social burden, with existing treatments largely
unable to satisfy medical needs. Recently, studies have shown that nerve growth factor …

This study was designed to demonstrate the histopathological and biochemical changes in
rat cerebral cortex and testicles due to chronic usage of tramadol and the effect of …