The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary
bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and …

The bladder mucosa consists of the urothelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria
(LP). Although the urothelium has been given much attention, it may be regarded as one …

The urothelium is a newly recognized sensory structure that detects bladder fullness. Pivotal
to this sensory role is the release of ATP from the urothelium. However, the routes for …

Aims Biological rationale suggests that parasympathomimetics (cholinergic receptor
stimulating agents) could be beneficial for patients with underactive bladder. However, no …

Ageing is associated with deteriorating urinary bladder function and an increasing
prevalence of disorders such as underactive bladder. There are suggestions that G protein …

The influence of extracellular and intracellular calcium on smooth muscle contractile activity
varies between organs. In response to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation, the …

The urothelium was long considered to be a silent barrier protecting the body from the toxic
effects of urine. However, today a number of dynamic abilities of the urothelium are well …

β3‐Adrenoceptor agonists are used in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.
Although the relaxant response to adrenergic stimulation in human detrusor smooth muscle …

With many common bladder diseases arising due to abnormal contractions, a greater
understanding of the receptor systems involved may aid the development of future …

The mechanisms underlying bladder contractile disorders such as overactive bladder are
not fully understood, and there is limited understanding of the receptor systems modulating …