Directed evolution has revolutionized biomolecular engineering by applying cycles of
mutation, amplification and selection to genes of interest (GOIs). However, classical directed …

Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Mutations in non-coding regulatory DNA sequences can alter gene expression, organismal
phenotype and fitness,–. Constructing complete fitness landscapes, in which DNA …

Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with
iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar …

The genotype–fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution,
yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its …

Directed evolution is a powerful approach for engineering biomolecules and understanding
adaptation. However, experimental strategies for directed evolution are notoriously labor …

Antibiotics target essential cellular functions but bacteria can become resistant by acquiring
either exogenous resistance genes or chromosomal mutations. Resistance mutations …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

The ability to predict the future behavior of an individual cancer is crucial for precision
cancer medicine. The discovery of extensive intratumor heterogeneity and ongoing clonal …

The rate of primary productivity is a keystone variable in driving biogeochemical cycles
today and has been throughout Earth's past. 1 For example, it plays a critical role in …