Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of
T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on …

Transcription factor Foxp3 is critical for generating regulatory T cells (Treg cells).
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces Foxp3 and suppressive Treg cells from naive …

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that are a prime example of a complex multicellular
pathogen that flourishes in the human host despite the development of a pronounced …

The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a
decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the …

Immunology was founded by studying the body's response to infectious microorganisms,
and yet microbial prokaryotes only tell half the story of the immune system. Eukaryotic …

Helminths are masterful immunoregulators. A characteristic feature of helminth infection is a
Th2-dominated immune response, but stimulation of immunoregulatory cell populations …

Immune regulation by parasites is a global concept that includes suppression, diversion,
and conversion of the host immune response to the benefit of the pathogen. While many …

There is a wealth of immunologic studies that have been carried out in experimental and
human schistosomiasis that can be classified into three main areas: immunopathogenesis …

Surviving a given infection requires the generation of a controlled immune response. Failure
to establish or restore homeostatic conditions during or following the onset of an infection …