In addition to physical barriers, neutrophils are considered a part of the first line of immune
defense. They can be found in the bloodstream, with a lifespan of 6–8 h, and in tissue …

The mechanisms of chronic infections caused by opportunistic pathogens are of keen
interest to both researchers and health professionals globally. Typically, chronic infectious …

Injection of effector proteins to block host innate immune signaling is a common strategy
used by many pathogenic organisms to establish an infection. For example, pathogenic …

Bacterial pathogens express virulence-specific transcriptional programs that allow tissue
colonization. Although phenotypic variation has been noted in the context of antibiotic …

Recent studies revealed an amazing phenotypic heterogeneity between genetically
identical individual cells within populations of microbial pathogens. During the course of an …

Subverting the host immune response to inhibit inflammation is a key virulence strategy of
Yersinia pestis. The inflammatory cascade is tightly controlled via the sequential action of …

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative pathogen of melioidosis, of which a major
predisposing factor is diabetes mellitus. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) kill …

Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against invading microbes, and they
protect themselves through the production of carbohydrate and protein matrices …

The gasdermins are a family of pore-forming proteins that have recently emerged as
executors of pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death that is induced by the innate immune …

Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria.
Although many species exist as part of the natural flora of animals including humans, some …