Introduction The safety of humans in crowded environments has been recognised as an
important and rapidly growing research area with significant implications for urban planning …

This extensive review was written for the``Encyclopedia of Complexity and System
Science''(Springer, 2008) and addresses a broad audience ranging from engineers to …

Human crowd motion is mainly driven by self-organized processes based on local
interactions among pedestrians. While most studies of crowd behaviour consider only …

Fish travel in schools, birds migrate in flocks, honeybees swarm, and ants build trails. How
and why do these collective behaviors occur? Exploring how coordinated group patterns …

Many observations of the dynamics of pedestrian crowds, including various self-organization
phenomena, have been successfully described by simple many-particle models. For ethical …

Many observations of pedestrian dynamics, including various self-organization phenomena,
have been reproduced successfully by different models. But the empirical databases for …

Experiments under laboratory conditions were carried out to study the ordering in
bidirectional pedestrian streams and its influence on the fundamental diagram (density …

This document describes how to simulate human egress using the evacuation module,
FDS+ Evac, developed at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, which is fully …

In human crowds as well as in many animal societies, local interactions among individuals
often give rise to self-organized collective organizations that offer functional benefits to the …

We propose and validate a model for pedestrian walking behavior, based on discrete choice
modeling. Two main types of behavior are identified: unconstrained and constrained. By …