The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

Abstract Interleukin-33 (IL-33)—a member of the IL-1 family—was originally described as an
inducer of type 2 immune responses, activating T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. Now …

Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is
IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a …

The innate immune system is composed of a diverse array of evolutionarily ancient
haematopoietic cell types, including dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of T cells that contribute to immune
responses by secreting effector cytokines and regulating the functions of other innate and …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent innate versions of T helper and cytotoxic T cells that
differentiate from committed ILC precursors (ILCPs). How ILCPs give rise to mature tissue …

BACKGROUND Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a growing family of immune cells that mirror
the phenotypes and functions of T cells. Natural killer (NK) cells can be considered the …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

INTRODUCTION Barrier tissues are constitutive targets of environmental stressors and are
home to a highly diverse microbiota. When the immune system encounters these …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently recognized group of lymphocytes that have
important functions in protecting epithelial barriers against infections and in maintaining …