A nanobody (Nb) is a registered trademark of Ablynx, referring to the single antigen‐binding
domain of heavy chain‐only antibodies (HCAbs) that are circulating in Camelidae. Nbs are …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

The emergence of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) from jawless vertebrates was
accompanied by major morphological and physiological innovations, such as hinged jaws …

The B cell receptor and secreted antibody are at the nexus of humoral adaptive immunity. In
this review, we summarize what is known of the immunoglobulin genes of jawed …

Antibodies are a vital part of the armamentarium of the adaptive immune system for the fine-
tuning of the recognition and response to foreign threats. However, in health there are some …

Owing to peculiar properties of nanobody, including nanoscale size, robust structure, stable
and soluble behaviors in aqueous solution, reversible refolding, high affinity and specificity …

B cells use unconventional strategies for the production of a seemingly unlimited number of
antibodies from a very limited amount of DNA. These methods dramatically increase the …

The success of our adaptive humoral immune response, mediated by B cells, relies on its
capacity to produce multiple antigen-recognition specificities against any possible invader …

Plastics are widely diffused in the oceans and their ingestion by marine organisms is raising
concern for potentially adverse effects. The risk of harmful interactions with marine plastic …

The absence of germinal centers (GCs) in cartilaginous fishes lies at odds with data showing
that nurse sharks can produce robust antigen-specific responses and affinity mature their B …