A fundamental strategy of eukaryotic antiviral immunity involves the cGAS enzyme, which
synthesizes 2′, 3′-cGAMP and activates the effector STING. Diverse bacteria contain …

CRISPR–Cas technologies have enabled programmable gene editing in eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. However, the leading Cas9 and Cas12a enzymes are limited in their ability to …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram‐negative bacterium, is a significant opportunistic
pathogen associated with skin and soft tissue infections, nosocomial pneumonia and sepsis …

Bacteriophages from the Inoviridae family (inoviruses) are characterized by their unique
morphology, genome content and infection cycle. One of the most striking features of …

A lack of generic and effective genetic manipulation methods for Pseudomonas has
restricted fundamental research and utilization of this genus for biotechnology applications …

A widespread system used by bacteria for protection against potentially dangerous foreign
DNA molecules consists of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats …

CRISPR-Cas systems provide sequence-specific adaptive immunity against foreign nucleic
acids 1, 2. They are present in approximately half of all sequenced prokaryotes 3 and are …

Bacteria form multicellular communities known as biofilms that cause two thirds of all
infections and demonstrate a 10 to 1000 fold increase in adaptive resistance to conventional …

Bacteria encode myriad defences that target the genomes of infecting bacteriophage,
including restriction–modification and CRISPR–Cas systems. In response, one family of …

All viruses require strategies to inhibit or evade the immune pathways of cells that they
infect. The viruses that infect bacteria, bacteriophages (phages), must avoid immune …