As a subfield of machine learning, reinforcement learning (RL) aims at optimizing decision
making by using interaction samples of an agent with its environment and the potentially …

With the burgeoning use of immune-based treatments for cancer, never has there been a
greater need to understand the tumour microenvironment within which immune cells …

A tumor is most dangerous disease of medical science which is a mass or lumps of tissue
that's formed by an accumulation of abnormal cells. A famous fractional tumor-immune …

Immunotherapy, specifically the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has
transformed the treatment of cancer, enabling long-term tumour control even in individuals …

Life is characterized by a myriad of complex dynamic processes allowing organisms to grow,
reproduce, and evolve. Physical approaches for describing systems out of thermodynamic …

Multiscale systems biology and systems pharmacology are powerful methodologies that are
playing increasingly important roles in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of …

The advances in genetics and biochemistry that have taken place over the last 10 years led
to significant advances in experimental and clinical immunology. In turn, this has led to the …

The anti-tumor activity of the immune system is increasingly recognized as critical for the
mounting of a prolonged and effective response to cancer growth and invasion, and for …

In the tumour microenvironment, cancer cells directly interact with both the immune system
and the stroma. It is firmly established that the immune system, historically believed to be a …

Abstract The Lotka‐Volterra model is a very famous model and frequently used to describe
the dynamics of ecological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its …