Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Antibiotic resistance is mediated through several distinct mechanisms, most of which are
relatively well understood and the clinical importance of which has long been recognized …

Bacteria are an exceedingly diverse group of organisms whose molecular exploration is
experiencing a renaissance. While the classical view of bacterial gene expression was …

Small proteins consisting of 50 or fewer amino acids have been identified as regulators of
larger proteins in bacteria and eukaryotes. Despite the importance of these molecules, the …

The use of alternative translation initiation sites enables production of more than one protein
from a single gene, thereby expanding the cellular proteome. Although several such …

The first broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol and one of the newest clinically
important antibacterials, linezolid, inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the peptidyl …

Translation efficiency has been mainly studied by ribosome profiling, which only provides an
incomplete picture of translation kinetics. Here, we integrated the absolute quantifications of …

Protein synthesis stands at the last stage of the central dogma of molecular biology,
providing a final regulatory layer for gene expression. Reacting to environmental cues and …

Small proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) shorter than 50 codons (small
ORFs [sORFs]) are often overlooked by annotation engines and are difficult to characterize …

Escherichia coli was one of the first species to have its genome sequenced and remains one
of the best-characterized model organisms. Thus, it is perhaps surprising that recent studies …