Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Introduction In bone tissue, bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by
osteoblasts are repeated continuously. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from …

Bone remodeling is tightly regulated by a cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and
bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts communicate with each other to …

The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone
cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on …

Bone homeostasis depends on the resorption of bones by osteoclasts and formation of
bones by the osteoblasts. Imbalance of this tightly coupled process can cause diseases …

Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which
include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas …

Fibroblasts regulate tissue homeostasis, coordinate inflammatory responses, and mediate
tissue damage. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), synovial fibroblasts maintain chronic …

The initiation and maintenance of reproductive capacity in humans is dependent on pulsatile
secretion of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

The bone is an essential organ for locomotion and protection of the body, as well as
hematopoiesis and mineral homeostasis. In order to exert these functions throughout life …