Wearable and mobile devices, such as smartphones, smartwatches, wearable medical
devices, etc., have become an important part of our daily life. Most of these devices are …

Technological advancements have led to the development of numerous wearable robotic
devices for the physical assistance and restoration of human locomotion. While many …

Exoskeletons and active prostheses promise to enhance human mobility, but few have
succeeded. Optimizing device characteristics on the basis of measured human performance …

With efficiencies derived from evolution, growth and learning, humans are very well-tuned
for locomotion 1. Metabolic energy used during walking can be partly replaced by power …

This paper presents a review on design issues and solutions found in active lower limb
prostheses. This review is based on a systematic literature search with a methodical search …

Background Even though walking can be sustained for great distances, considerable energy
is required for plantarflexion around the instant of opposite leg heel contact. Different groups …

Over time, leg prostheses have improved in design, but have been incapable of actively
adapting to different walking velocities in a manner comparable to a biological limb. People …

Background Powered ankle-foot exoskeletons can reduce the metabolic cost of human
walking to below normal levels, but optimal assistance properties remain unclear. The …

Techniques proposed for assisting locomotion with exoskeletons have often included a
combination of active work input and passive torque support, but the physiological effects of …

In human gait analysis studies, the entire foot is typically modeled as a single rigid-body
segment; however, this neglects power generated/absorbed within the foot. Here we show …