Understanding the influence of solar variability on the Earth's climate requires knowledge of
solar variability, solar‐terrestrial interactions, and the mechanisms determining the response …

This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy
from the Sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The …

In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) has influenced Northern
Hemisphere surface air temperature trends, it is important to have reliable estimates of both …

The Sun is the main energy source to Earth, and understanding its variability is of direct
relevance to climate studies. Measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) exist since 1978 …

The literature relevant to how solar variability influences climate is vast—but much has been
based on inadequate statistics and non-robust procedures. The common pitfalls are outlined …

Atmospheric ionization produced by cosmic rays has been suspected to influence aerosols
and clouds, but its actual importance has been questioned. If changes in atmospheric …

A method is developed to rank Forbush decreases (FDs) in the galactic cosmic ray radiation
according to their expected impact on the ionization of the lower atmosphere. Then a Monte …

Over the last 300 years, countless climatic variations at different places and times have been
witnessed, some affecting millions of people and changing the course of history, some going …

In experiments where ultraviolet light produces aerosols from trace amounts of ozone, sulfur
dioxide, and water vapor, the relative increase in aerosols produced by ionization by gamma …