Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy that have revolutionized HIV disease
management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic remains elusive. Beyond the …

The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) results from a
combination of point mutations and genetic recombination, and rates of both processes are …

The role of nucleocapsid protein (NC) in the early steps of retroviral replication appears
largely that of a facilitator for reverse transcription and integration. Using a wide variety of …

Reverse transcription is a critical step in the life cycle of all retroviruses and related
retrotransposons. This complex process is performed exclusively by the retroviral reverse …

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections and
aggravation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 5'untranslated …

Minor drug-resistant variants exist in every patient infected with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). Because these minority variants are usually present at very low levels, they …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M is responsible for the current AIDS
pandemic and exhibits exceedingly high levels of viral genetic diversity around the world …

Retroviruses package two complete RNA genomes into a viral particle but generate only
one provirus after each infection. This pseudodiploid replication strategy facilitates frequent …

The theory of immune regulation involves a homeostatic balance between T-helper 1 (Th1)
and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses. The Th1 and Th2 theories were introduced in 1986 as a …

Maintenance of the information embedded in the genomic DNA sequence is essential for
life. DNA polymerases play pivotal roles in the complex physiological processes of DNA …