Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Its major
pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and amyloid-β plaques can result from …

Since its discovery almost three decades ago, the secreted neurotrophin brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been firmly implicated in the differentiation and survival of …

Changing the strength of connections between neurons is widely assumed to be the
mechanism by which memory traces are encoded and stored in the central nervous system …

The formation, maintenance and reorganization of synapses are critical for brain
development and the responses of neuronal circuits to environmental challenges. Here we …

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP kinase, MAPK) cascade, as the name implies,
was originally discovered as a critical regulator of cell division and differentiation. As further …

A substantial body of literature supports the intuitive notion that a good night's sleep can
facilitate human cognitive performance the next day. Deficits in attention, learning & memory …

As one of the most extensively studied protein hormones, insulin and its receptor have been
known to play key roles in a variety of important biological functions. Until recent years, the …

Evidence accumulated from clinical and basic research has indirectly implicated the insulin
receptor (IR) in brain cognitive functions, including learning and memory (Wickelgren …

In this review we describe an emerging understanding of the roles of the Extracellular-signal
regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade in learning and …

Although much has been learned about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying
Pavlovian fear conditioning at the systems and cellular levels, relatively little is known about …