Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients, to establish a
barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products. The archetypal vascular …

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) is the most prevalent choroidal
vascular disease, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are the …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a REDOX cofactor and metabolite essential for
neuronal survival. Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease in which neuronal …

The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) is a tyrosine kinase receptor
for VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor (PlGF) ligands that is expressed in …

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the neural retina in eyes with
different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in comparison to age-matched healthy subjects …

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a crucial role in the visual pathway. As their axons form
the optic nerve, apoptosis of these cells causes neurodegenerative vision loss. RGC death …

The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In
mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving …

Roughly ten years ago the FDA approved most of the presently used anti-VEGF drugs for the
treatment of neovascular AMD and other eye pathologies characterized by ocular …

In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetes-related hyperglycemia directly
inhibits the AKT signaling pathway by increasing oxidative stress or inhibiting growth factor …

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is the angiogenic factor promoting the
pathological neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic …