We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Abstract The Little Ice Age (LIA), which lasted from about 1250 to 1860 AD, was likely the
coldest period of the last 8000 years. Using new documentary data and analyses of alpine …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Multidecadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well as
anthropogenic factors, or arise unforced from the climate system. Distinguishing these …

The Sun provides the principal energy input into the Earth system and solar variability
represents a significant external climate forcing. Although observations of solar activity …

An Evaluation of the Performance of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis Version 3 in: Journal of
Climate Volume 34 Issue 4 (2021) Jump to Content Jump to Main Navigation Logo Logo Logo …

This review addresses the causes of observed climate variations across the industrial
period, from 1750 to present. It focuses on long-term changes, both in response to external …

The Andes is the most biodiverse region across the globe. In addition, some of the largest
urban areas in South America are located within this region. Therefore, ecosystems and …

Sea-level rise is a significant indicator of broader climate changes, and the time of
emergence concept can be used to identify when modern rates of sea-level rise emerged …