An interleaved presentation of items (as opposed to a blocked presentation) has been
proposed to foster inductive learning (interleaving effect). A meta-analysis of the interleaving …

The generation effect is the memory benefit for self-generated compared with read or
experimenter-provided information. In recent decades, numerous theories have been …

Taking notes on laptops rather than in longhand is increasingly common. Many researchers
have suggested that laptop note taking is less effective than longhand note taking for …

Previous research has shown that disfluency–the subjective experience of difficulty
associated with cognitive operations–leads to deeper processing. Two studies explore the …

Two studies examined undergraduates' metacognitive awareness of six empirically-
supported learning strategies. Study 1 results overall suggested an inability to predict the …

A typical mathematics assignment consists primarily of practice problems requiring the
strategy introduced in the immediately preceding lesson (eg, a dozen problems that are …

The knowledge integration perspective emerged from studies of the conceptions of scientific
phenomena that students bring to science class, from design studies refining science …

The main goals of this study were to test whether multiple representations, such as diagrams
and equations, per se help to acquire conceptual understanding in probability, and to …

In this chapter, the authors discuss how the complex, systemic nature of science education
calls for new ways to conduct research and new forms of research synthesis. Research …

This study explores the impact of asking middle school students to generate drawings of
their ideas about chemical reactions on integrated understanding. Students explored atomic …