Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the
malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the …

The enzymatic activities of CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating the duration,
magnitude, and chemical nature of purinergic signals delivered to immune cells through the …

The involvement of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in an array of cell-specific
responses has long been known and appreciated, but the integrative view of purinergic …

Extracellular adenosine-dependent suppression and redirection of pro-inflammatory
activities are mediated by the signaling through adenosine receptors on the surface of most …

Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself.
The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to …

The microenvironment of rapidly growing tumors is associated with increasedenergy
demand and diminished vascular supply, resulting in focalareas of prominent hypoxia. A …

Under conditions of limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), multiple cell types release adenine
nucleotides in the form of ATP, ADP, and AMP. Extracellular AMP is metabolized to …

Although inflammatory and immunological reactions protect the host from invasion by
microorganisms and eliminate debris at sites of tissue injury, they can also be responsible …

Extracellular adenosine is a potent immunosuppressor that accumulates during tumor
growth. We performed proof-of-concept studies investigating the therapeutic potential and …

Methotrexate remains a cornerstone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other
rheumatic diseases. Folate antagonism is known to contribute to the antiproliferative effects …