Increasing evidence indicates that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a
complex disease involving more than airflow obstruction. Airflow obstruction has profound …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is
the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is …

Background Because chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous
condition, the identification of specific clinical phenotypes is key to developing more effective …

Significant heterogeneity of clinical presentation and disease progression exists within
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although FEV1 inadequately describes this …

Background Widespread application of pulmonary rehabilitation (also known as respiratory
rehabilitation) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be preceded by …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be an important cause of
morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs worldwide. It is a global health issue, with …

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common among patients with COPD.
However, it is not clear whether this is due to shared risk factors or if COPD increases the …

Background: Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. Systemic …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death and disability
internationally. Alveolar hypoxia and consequent hypoxemia increase in prevalence as …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an increasing burden throughout
the world. COPD-related mortality is probably underestimated because of the difficulties …