Plant–pathogen interactions induce a signal transmission series that stimulates the plant's
host defense system against pathogens and this, in turn, leads to disease resistance …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of
an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its …

In recent decades, many new and exciting findings have paved the way to the better
understanding of plant responses in various environmental changes. Some major areas are …

Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are important signaling modules that convert
environmental stimuli into cellular responses. We show that MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 are …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are endogenously produced by several plant organelles
and compartments, particularly those with high electron transport rates, such as chloroplasts …

Pathogen recognition induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH
oxidases in both plants and animals. ROS have direct antimicrobial properties, but also …