Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most heritable mental illnesses, but the elucidation of its
genetic basis has proven to be a very challenging endeavor. Genome-Wide Association …

The implementation of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in psychiatry remains modest, in part
due to divergent perceptions of the quality and completeness of the evidence base and …

Stressors are imminent or perceived challenges to homeostasis. The stress response is an
innate, stereotypic, adaptive response to stressors that has evolved in the service of …

Background Lithium is a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is
variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However …

Which elements are essential for human life? Here we make an element-by-element journey
through the periodic table and attempt to assess whether elements are essential or not, and …

A radical drug treatment for bipolar affective disorder (BD) is currently unavailable. This is
attributed to the fact that the precise pathophysiology of this ailment is unclear though a …

After decades of research, the mechanism of action of lithium in preventing recurrences of
bipolar disorder remains only partially understood. Lithium research is complicated by the …

There is currently considerable imprecision in the nosology of biomarkers used in the study
of neuropsychiatric disease. The neuropsychiatric field lags behind others such as oncology …

Importance Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder
(BPAD). However, the efficacy of lithium varies widely, with a nonresponse rate of up to 30 …

Lithium (Li+) is a first option treatment for adult acute episodes of Bipolar Disorder (BD) and
for the prophylaxis of new depressed or manic episodes. It is also the preferred choice as …