Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Since DSM-IV was published in 1994, its approach to substance use disorders has come
under scrutiny. Strengths were identified (notably, reliability and validity of dependence), but …

Sex/gender effects have been demonstrated for multiple aspects of addiction, with one of the
most commonly cited examples being the “telescoping effect” where women meet criteria …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

Craving is a core feature of substance use disorders. It is a strong predictor of substance use
and relapse and is linked to overeating, gambling, and other maladaptive behaviors …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

In recent years, animal models in psychiatric research have been criticized for their limited
translational value to the clinical situation. Failures in clinical trials have thus often been …

Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be
translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …