Circadian clocks are self-sustaining genetically based molecular machines that impose∼
24h rhythmicity on physiology and behavior that synchronize these functions with the solar …

The basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor (CLOCK, Circadian locomotor output
cycles protein kaput) was discovered in 1994 as a circadian clock. Soon after its discovery …

The avian retina and pineal gland contain autonomous circadian oscillators and photo‐
entrainment pathways, but the photopigment (s) that mediate entrainment have not been …

Abstract Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate
many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in …

Natural killer (NK) cells participate in the immune response against infection and cancer. An
emerging body of epidemiological data supports that circadian homeostasis may constitute …

Along evolution, living organisms developed a precise timekeeping system, circadian
clocks, to adapt life to the 24-h light/dark cycle and temporally regulate physiology and …

Ion channels are the gatekeepers to neuronal excitability. Retinal neurons of vertebrates
and invertebrates, neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of vertebrates, and …

Daily and annual changes in ambient illumination serve as specific stimuli that associate
light with time and regulate the physiology of the organism through the eye. The eye acts as …

Metabolic processes have to be regulated tightly to prevent waste of energy and to ensure
sufficient detoxification. Most anabolic processes operate in a timely manner when energy …

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of
apnea and hypopnea during sleep. It is associated with various cardiovascular and …