The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis
virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide …

Over the last three decades, the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
(VER) disease has become a serious problem of marine finfish aquaculture, and more …

Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) certainly represents the biggest challenge for the sustainability
and the development of aquaculture. A large number of economically relevant fish species …

Nodaviruses are small bipartite RNA viruses which belong to the family of Nodaviridae. They
are categorized into alpha-nodavirus, which infects insects, and beta-nodavirus, which …

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a complex immune mechanism that involves the release of
several killing molecules, being perforin (PRF) one of the most important effector players …

This review describes and summarizes the knowledge on established and experimental
vaccines developed against viral and bacterial pathologies affecting the most important …

In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the
immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in …

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine comprises a family of six ligands in mammals with
proinflammatory functions, having an important role in autoimmune disorders and against …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be amongst the most powerful tools for the
fight against pathogens in fish, since they form part of the innate immune response, which is …

Granzymes (Gzm) are serine proteases, contained into the secretory granules of cytotoxic
cells, responsible for the cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against tumor cells and …