Humans consume a wide range of foods, drugs, and dietary supplements that are derived
from plants and which modify the functioning of the central nervous sytem (CNS). The …

The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The
systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated …

Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …

Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will
they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is …

Context In alcohol-dependent patients, brain atrophy and functional brain activation elicited
by alcohol-associated stimuli may predict relapse. However, to date, the interaction between …

Introduction Ingestion of nicotine by smoking, vaping, or other means elicits various effects
including reward, antinociception, and aversion due to irritation, bitter taste, and unpleasant …

Extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis/lavandulaefolia) with terpenoid constituents have
previously been shown to inhibit cholinesterase and improve cognitive function. The current …

An evolutionary perspective revolutionized the understanding of behavior over a generation
ago, but most mental health clinicians and researchers still view evolution as an interesting …

Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control
of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption …

The germ theory of disease and the attendant public health initiatives, including sanitation,
vaccination, and antibiotic treatment, led to dramatic increases in global life expectancy. As …