Objective To identify and summarize the evidence about the extent of overuse of
medications in low-and middle-income countries, its drivers, consequences and potential …

Background A major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and poor clinical outcomes is
suboptimal antibiotic use, although data are lacking in low-resource settings. We reviewed …

High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Indonesia are caused by the use of
inappropriate antimicrobials (AM) in healthcare services and the livestock and fisheries …

Background Inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics at community pharmacies is an
important driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low-and middle-income …

Background There has been insufficient attention to a fundamental force shaping healthcare
policies—conflicts of interest (COI). We investigated COI, which results in the professional …

Introduction Control of tuberculosis (TB) is hampered by suboptimal case detection and
subsequent delays in treatment, which is worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The …

Background Pharmacists have been at the frontline of the COVID-19 response in Indonesia,
providing medicines, advice, and referral services often in areas with limited healthcare …

Hot and humid countries such as Indonesia have a higher prevalence of acne vulgaris (AV).
The activity of skin microbes, not only Cutibacterium acnes, contribute to the formation of AV …

Background Drug outlets are a vital first point of healthcare contact in low-and middle-
income countries (LMICs), but they are often poorly regulated and counter staff may be …

Background Indonesia faces a continuous threat from communicable disease outbreaks.
The current COVID‐19 outbreak, the previous one of SARS, and many other infectious …