T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

Types of Cell Culture Media Animal cells can be cultured either using a completely natural
medium or an artificial/synthetic medium along with some natural products. Natural Media …

Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B-cell clonal expansion, hypermutation, and selection.
GCs are polarized into dark (DZ) and light zones (LZ), a distinction that is of key importance …

Multiple distinct memory B-cell subsets have been identified in humans, but it remains
unclear how their phenotypic diversity corresponds to the type of responses from which they …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is known to be
associated with polyclonal B-cell hyperreactivity. The underlying causes of the diffuse B-cell …

Influenza infection imparts an age-related increase in mortality and morbidity. The most
effective countermeasure is vaccination; however, vaccines offer modest protection in older …

The demand for a vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlighted gaps in our
understanding of the requirements for B cell responses to antigens, particularly to …

Several human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) including b12, 2G12, and 2F5 exhibit
relatively potent and broad HIV-1-neutralizing activity. However, their elicitation in vivo by …

Memory B cells (MBCs) epitomize the adaptation of the immune system to the environment.
We identify two MBC subsets in peripheral blood, CD27 dull and CD27 bright MBCs, whose …

Human memory B cells and marginal zone (MZ) B cells share common features such as the
expression of CD27 and somatic mutations in their IGHV and BCL6 genes, but the …