Peat depositional environments, the sites where and conditions under which peat
accumulates, significantly influence a resultant coal's physical properties, chemical …

Coal deposits have attracted much attention in recent years as promising alternative raw
sources for rare earth elements and yttrium (REY), not only because the REY concentrations …

The aqueous alteration of ultramafic rocks through serpentinization liberates mantle carbon
and reducing power. Serpentinization occurs in numerous settings on present day Earth …

Coupled magmatic and tectonic activity plays an important role in high-temperature
hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges. The circulation patterns for such systems have …

Hydrothermal vents in the sea floor release large volumes of hot, metal-rich fluids into the
deep ocean. Until recently, it was assumed that most of the metal released was incorporated …

Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977,
numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean …

Many metalloenzymes that inject and extract reducing equivalents at the beginning and the
end of electron transport chains involved in chemiosmosis are suggested, through …

Sea-floor massive sulfide deposits represent a new type of base and precious metal
resources that may be exploited by future deep-sea mining operations. These deposits …

Ammonium/ammonia is an essential nutrient and energy source to support life in oceanic
and terrestrial hydrothermal systems. Thus the stability of ammonium is crucial to determine …

Abstract Pure Superior-type Banded Iron Formation (BIF) samples from the Krivoy Rog
Supergroup (Ukraine) are excellent archives of ambient Early Precambrian seawater. They …