Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

The malignant tumor is a multi-etiological, systemic and complex disease characterized by
uncontrolled cell proliferation and distant metastasis. Anticancer treatments including …

Tumor cells do not exist in isolation in vivo, and carcinogenesis depends on the surrounding
tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of a myriad of cell types and biophysical and …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic …

To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME),
and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and …

Organotypic models of patient-specific tumours are revolutionizing our understanding of
cancer heterogeneity and its implications for personalized medicine. These advancements …

The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Kidney fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that
leads to tissue scarring, is the final common outcome of a wide variety of chronic kidney …

Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor
microenvironment (TME) can reprogram tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and …