PURPOSE: Higher serum levels of the main circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin
D (25 (OH) D), are associated with substantially lower incidence rates of colon, breast …

For all animals, cell migration is an essential and highly regulated process. Cells migrate to
shape tissues, to vascularize tissues, in wound healing, and as part of the immune …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs contribute to the acquisition of
invasive properties that are essential for metastasis. It is well established that EMT programs …

Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM) produce
deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce autophagy to survive. The …

Tumorigenesis is a clonal evolution process that is initiated from single cells within
otherwise histologically normal tissue. It is unclear how single, sporadic mutant cells that …

Cells can migrate individually or collectively. Collective movement is common during normal
development and is also a characteristic of some cancers. This review discusses recent …

Glandular tissues form ducts (tubes) and acini (spheres) in multicellular organisms. This
process is best demonstrated in the organization of the ductal tree of the mammary gland …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates many diverse cellular activities
through both canonical (SMAD-dependent) and non-canonical branches, which includes the …

Our understanding of the mechanisms by which ducts and lobules develop is derived from
model organisms and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models wherein mammalian …

The mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal evolution of tumor ecosystems present a
challenge in evaluating drug efficacy. In this Perspective, we address the use of three …