A central goal of neuroscience is to understand the representations formed by brain activity
patterns and their connection to behaviour. The classic approach is to investigate how …

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural
gain is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal …

Changes in pupil diameter that reflect effort and other cognitive factors are often interpreted
in terms of the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in the brainstem nucleus locus …

Sensory signals are highly structured in both space and time. These structural regularities in
visual information allow expectations to form about future stimulation, thereby facilitating …

Animal behaviours that are superficially similar can express different intents in different
contexts, but how this flexibility is achieved at the level of neural circuits is not understood …

Computational strategies used by the brain strongly depend on the amount of information
that can be stored in population activity, which in turn strongly depends on the pattern of …

Economic choice behavior entails the computation and comparison of subjective values. A
central contribution of neuroeconomics has been to show that subjective values are …

Primary sensory cortex is thought to process incoming sensory information, while decision
variables important for driving behavior are assumed to arise downstream in the processing …

A decision is a commitment to a proposition or plan of action based on information and
values associated with the possible outcomes. The process operates in a flexible timeframe …

Decision-makers often arrive at different choices when faced with repeated presentations of
the same evidence. Variability of behavior is commonly attributed to noise in the brain's …