In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the different sexual
systems and sex-determining mechanisms in bivalves, with a focus on the various …

Organisms adapt to different environments by selection of the most suitable phenotypes from
the standing genetic variation or by phenotypic plasticity, the ability of single genotypes to …

The Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science contains 350 alphabetically arranged entries.
The topics include cave and karst geoscience, cave archaeology and human use of caves …

Microbes and other organisms smaller than one to a few millimeters in size are
hypothesized to have global populations, in contrast to the geographically restricted ranges …

Clonally reproducing all-female lineages of plants and animals are often more frequent at
higher latitudes and altitudes, on islands, and in disturbed habitats. Attempts to explain this …

A considerable amount of phenotypic, genetic and symbiotic functional variability has been
documented in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, little is known about whether …

Ancient asexual animal groups, such as bdelloid rotifers and darwinuloid ostracods, are
excellent model organisms to study the effects of long–term asexuality. However, the …

Species in the grass family (Poaceae) have caused some of the most damaging invasions in
natural ecosystems, but plants in this family are also among the most widely used by …

The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) represents a very recently evolved
parthenogenetic freshwater crayfish species that has invaded diverse habitats in Europe …

Foundation species such as redwoods, seagrasses and corals are often long‐lived and
clonal. Genets may consist of hundreds of members (ramets) and originated hundreds to …