Recent high-level agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable
Development Goals aim at mitigating climate change, ecological degradation and …

Agriculture is facing up to an increasing number of challenges, including the need to ensure
various ecosystem services and to resolve apparent conflicts between them. One of the …

Global warming and ocean acidification are forecast to exert significant impacts on marine
ecosystems worldwide. However, most of these projections are based on ecological proxies …

Humans have spread an enormous net over the land. As the largest human artifact on earth,
this vast, nearly five million mile (8 million km) road network used by a quarter billion …

This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license. This revised, updated textbook
presents a systems approach to the planning, management, and operation of water …

The advancements of the scientific knowledge require continuous efforts to convert these
progresses into social, economic, and political actions. Nowadays, as direct consequence of …

When dealing with hierarchical systems that are self-referential and display inter-level
effects, the notion of causality must be reconceptualized in terms other than that of the …

Long dismissed as unscientific, teleological explanation has been undergoing something of
a revival as a result of the emergence of self-organization theory, which combines micro …

Bivalves, such as clams and oysters, are species having two-valved shells. In the marine
ecosystem these species play a unique and essential role. This book examines the ecology …

Background noise is the irregular variation across repeated measurements of human
performance. Background noise remains after task and treatment effects are minimized …