Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors that
constitute the first line of defense system against microbes. They can recognize both …

Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to host defence against many
pathogenic microorganisms and also underlies a large burden of human disease. Thus, the …

Ingestion of wheat, barley, or rye triggers small intestinal inflammation in patients with celiac
disease. Specifically, the storage proteins of these cereals (gluten) elicit an adaptive Th1 …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

The mammalian Rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors, including RelA, c-Rel, RelB, NF-
κB1 (p50 and its precursor p105), and NF-κB2 (p52 and its precursor p100), plays a central …

Signalling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves five adaptor proteins known as MyD88,
MAL, TRIF, TRAM and SARM. Recent insights have revealed additional functions for MyD88 …

The TLR family senses the molecular signatures of microbial pathogens, and plays a
fundamental role in innate immune responses. TLRs signal via a common pathway that …

The Toll family of class I transmembrane receptors recognizes and responds to diverse
structures associated with pathogenic microorganisms. These receptors mediate initial …

The interleukin‐1 receptor (IL‐1R)/Toll‐like receptor (TLR) superfamily was first defined in
1998 as a family of proteins that contain the Toll‐IL‐1 receptor domain. At that time, there …

Abstract Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is
required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory …