Background Melasma is an acquired, chronic pigmentary disorder predominantly affecting
women. It may significantly affect quality of life and self-esteem due to its disfiguring …

Hyperpigmentation of the skin refers to a dermatological condition which alters the color of
the skin, making it discolored or darkened. The treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders …

Melanogenesis is the process for the production of melanin, which is the primary cause of
human skin pigmentation. Skin‑whitening agents are commercially available for those who …

Several methods of treatment are available to patients with melasma. First-line therapy
usually consists of topical compounds that affect the pigment production pathway, broad …

Written by experienced and internationally renowned contributors, this is the fourth edition of
what has become the standard reference for cosmetic scientists and dermatologists seeking …

Skin‐lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter
skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders …

Melasma is an irregular brown or grayish-brown facial hypermelanosis, often affecting
women, especially those living in areas of intense UV radiation. The precise cause of …

Objective We conducted a review of topical agents currently used in melasma, discussing
their mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerability, with an update on newer …

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness and safety of 1,064-nm Q-switched neodymium-
doped yttrium aluminum garnet (QS-Nd: YAG) laser treatment of melasma in Asians …

Treatment of melasma involves the use of a range of topical depigmenting agents and
physical therapies. Varying degrees of success have been achieved with these therapies …