Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in
perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that …

The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th
centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of …

Neuroinflammation is a key element in the ischemic cascade after cerebral ischemia that
results in cell damage and death in the subacute phase. However, anti-inflammatory drugs …

Oxidative stress has been proposed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributed to β-amyloid (A β) generation. Interaction between …

Chemokines were originally described as chemotactic cytokines involved in leukocyte
trafficking. Research over the last decade, however, has shown that chemokine receptors …

One area that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and
prevention of chronic pain and opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia is the modulation of the central …

Chemokines are not only found in the immune system or expressed in inflammatory
conditions: they are constitutively present in the brain in both glial cells and neurons …

The chemokine CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha has first been described in the
immune system where it functions include chemotaxis for lymphocytes and macrophages …

Understanding the mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking into the brain might provide insights
into how to modulate pathologic immune responses or enhance host protective mechanisms …

Postmortem immunohistochemical studies have revealed a state of chronic inflammation
limited to lesioned areas of brain in Alzheimer's disease. Some key actors in this …