I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

There are a variety of medical conditions associated with chronic sinonasal inflammation,
including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis. In particular, CRS can be divided …

For more than 30 years the maxillary sinus augmentation graft has been a mainstay of
implant-directed maxillary reconstruction. 1 The purpose of this article is to review the …

Taste receptors were first identified on the tongue, where they initiate a signaling pathway
that communicates information to the brain about the nutrient content or potential toxicity of …

As the first line of defense against risk factors, the nasal epithelial barrier maintains
homeostasis in nasal mucosa. The composition of the epithelial barrier contains physical …

Chronic rhinosinusitis has a significant impact on patient quality of life, creates billions of
dollars of annual healthcare costs, and accounts for∼ 20% of adult antibiotic prescriptions in …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by local
inflammation of the upper airways and is historically divided into 2 main phenotypes: CRS …

Background Protecting the upper airway from microbial infection is an important function of
the immune system. Proper detection of these pathogens is paramount for sinonasal …

Background Maintaining a clean upper respiratory tract requires efficient detection of
pathogenic bacteria so that the airway mucosa can mount proper defenses to neutralize and …