Drug development is a long process whose main content includes drug synthesis, drug
delivery, and drug evaluation. Compared with conventional drug development procedures …

Abstract The 'one-size-fits-all'approach followed by conventional drug delivery platforms
often restricts its application in pharmaceutical industry, due to the incapability of adapting to …

Placebo effects constitute a major part of treatment success in medical interventions. The
nocebo effect also has a major impact, as it accounts for a significant proportion of the …

2.1. Study design This RCT following a pretest–posttest design was conducted at the Back
Pain Center, University Hospital Essen, Germany, between March 27, 2017, and May 29 …

Experimental and clinical evidence from the past decades indicates that patients'
expectations about treatment benefits are crucial modulators of health and treatment …

Importance Placebo effects reduce pain and contribute to clinical analgesia, but after
decades of research, it remains unclear whether placebo treatments mainly affect …

Beliefs and expectations often persist despite evidence to the contrary. Here we examine
two potential mechanisms underlying such 'self-reinforcing'expectancy effects in the pain …

Introduction: The nocebo effect is defined as a negative effect of a pharmacological or non-
pharmacological medical treatment that is induced by patients' expectations, and that is …

Drug treatments for pain often do not outperform placebo, and a better understanding of
placebo mechanisms is needed to improve treatment development and clinical practice. In a …

Dopamine-based reward and learning mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to
placebo effects. However, the exact role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in their …