Osteoporosis is a condition causing significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly
population worldwide. Age-related testosterone deficiency is the most important factor of …

Improving physical function and mobility in a continuously expanding elderly population
emerges as a high priority of medicine today. Muscle mass, strength/power, and maximal …

Recent evidence demonstrates that tobacco smoking causes an imbalance in bone
turnover, leading to lower bone mass and making bone vulnerable to osteoporosis and …

The skeleton is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling
throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts …

Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional
osteoporosis that identifies estrogen (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and …

Background. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) are fundamental
in skeletal growth during puberty and bone health throughout life. GH increases tissue …

We propose here a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional osteoporosis
that identifies estrogen (E) deficiency as the cause of both the early, accelerated and the …

Estrogen (E) deficiency associated with the menopause is the major cause of bone loss in
aging women. However, men also lose significant amounts of bone with age, but they do not …

Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing
restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal …

Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health
throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor …