In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only~ 10–15%
of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological …

Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits apoptosis and triggers necrosis of host
macrophages to evade innate immunity and delay the initiation of adaptive immunity. By …

K+ channels play a crucial role in regulating the excitability of neurons. Many K+ channels
are, in turn, regulated by neurotransmitters. One of the first neurotransmitter-regulated …

In the nervous system, many intracellular responses to elevated calcium are mediated by
CaM kinases (CaMKs), a family of protein kinases whose activities are initially modulated by …

In neurons, intracellular calcium signals have crucial roles in activating neurotransmitter
release and in triggering alterations in neuronal function. Calmodulin has been widely …

Induction of macrophage necrosis is a strategy used by virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb) to avoid innate host defense. In contrast, attenuated Mtb causes apoptosis, which limits …

Astroglia possess excitability based on movements of Ca2+ ions between intracellular
compartments and plasmalemmal Ca2+ fluxes. This “Ca2+ excitability” is controlled by …

Despite the intensive management practices available to modern agriculture, drought and
salinity are still major constraints on crop production and food security. Yield losses to …

Calcium serves as a critical messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes.
Cellular calcium signals are detected and transmitted by sensor molecules such as calcium …

Calcium signaling pathways control a variety of cellular events such as gene transcription,
protein phosphorylation, nucleotide metabolism, and ion transport. These pathways often …