Environmental stimuli and objects, including rewards, are often processed sequentially in
the brain. Recent work suggests that the phasic dopamine reward prediction-error response …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

An influential hypothesis from the last decade proposed that regions within the right inferior
frontal cortex of the human brain were dedicated to supporting response inhibition. There is …

The prefrontal cortex participates in a variety of higher cognitive functions. The concept of
working memory is now widely used to understand prefrontal functions. Neurophysiological …

A better understanding of the neural systems underlying impulse control is important for
psychiatry. Although most impulses are motivational or emotional rather than motoric per se …

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse …

The basal ganglia comprise several nuclei in the forebrain, diencephalon, and midbrain
thought to play a significant role in the control of posture and movement. It is well recognized …

Time is a fundamental dimension of life. It is crucial for decisions about quantity, speed of
movement and rate of return, as well as for motor control in walking, speech, playing or …

Recent neurophysiological studies reveal that neurons in certain brain structures carry
specific signals about past and future rewards. Dopamine neurons display a short-latency …

The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors.
This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this …