Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Abstract The United States is in the midst of an opioid addiction and overdose crisis
precipitated and exacerbated by use of prescription opioid medicines. The majority of opioid …

Posttraumatic stress disorder manifests after exposure to a traumatic event and is
characterized by avoidance/numbing, intrusive symptoms and flashbacks, mood and …

Research studies have defined the important role of endogenous opioids in modulating
stress-associated behavior. The release of β-endorphins in the amygdala in response to …

Since the serendipitous discovery of the first class of modern antidepressants in the 1950's,
all pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for major depressive …

Pain is essential for avoidance of tissue damage and for promotion of healing.
Notwithstanding the survival value, pain brings about emotional suffering reflected in fear …

The endogenous opioid system is comprised of a wide array of receptors and ligands that
are present throughout the central and peripheral nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with pro-
inflammatory markers, including elevated plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with immune dysregulation. We have
previously shown that severe stress exposure in a preclinical animal model of the disorder …

Maladaptive behavioral outcomes following stress have been associated with immune
dysregulation. For example, we have previously reported that stress-induced dorsal …