This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-knowledge of radiation
effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear …

High-level nuclear waste in the United States comprises large volumes (tens of millions of
cubic meters), high total activities (billions of Curies) and highly diverse and complex …

The AXO4 monazite-type compounds form an extended family that is described in this
review in terms of field of stability versus composition. All the substitution possibilities on the …

Available publications on crystalline materials used to immobilize HLW and actinides have
been analyzed. Select compounds and solid solutions covered in this paper are phosphates …

Monazite and zircon respond differently to ion irradiation and to thermal and irradiation-
enhanced annealing. Monazite cannot be amorphized by 800 keV Kr+ ions at temperatures …

Orthophosphate compounds of the type A (PO4) include the minerals monazite [RE (PO4)
with RE= the light rare-earth ions, eg, La, Ce, Nd…], xenotime [Y (PO4), and also …

Results are presented which show that lead-iron phosphate glasses are a promising new
waste form for the safe immobilization of both high-level defense and high-level commercial …

The disposal of radioactive “waste” generated by the nuclear fuel cycle is among the most
pressing and potentially costly environmental problems of the 21st century, a heritage from …

Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are being considered as one of the potential nuclear options to
meet future energy demands. While the MSR designs are drastically different from the more …

ABSTRACT Monazite (Ln3+PO4) and related solid solutions are a well-known source of rare
earth elements on earth. They may also accommodate large amounts of thorium and …