Addictions to licit and illicit drugs are chronic relapsing brain disorders that affect circuits that
regulate reward, motivation, memory, and decision-making. Drug-induced pathological …

Recently there has been a dramatic rise in the abuse of so-called “bath salts” products that
are purchased as legal alternatives to illicit drugs like cocaine and 3, 4 …

The abuse of psychoactive 'bath salts' containing cathinones such as 3, 4-
methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a growing public health concern, yet little is known …

There has been a dramatic rise in the abuse of synthetic cathinones known as “bath salts,”
including 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), an analog linked to many adverse …

Abstract Introduction 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a designer stimulant drug
that has gained popularity in the USA. Although adverse effects of MDPV have been …

The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is a stress-inducible protein that has been shown to
protect the brain from various nervous system injuries. It allows cells to withstand potentially …

BACKGROUND: Patients present to police, Emergency Medical Services, and the
emergency department with aggressive behavior, altered sensorium, and a host of other …

A 36-year old man, having injured himself severely by smashing windows in a rage of fury,
was arrested by the police. He died despite resuscitation attempts. The forensic autopsy …

The purpose of the present study was to perform a comprehensive scientific literature review
and pooled data risk factor analysis of excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) and agitated …

Objective We aimed to clarify the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of excited
delirium syndrome (Ex DS) and to summarize evidence‐based treatment recommendations …