A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Advancements in molecular biology have led to a greater understanding of the individual
proteins responsible for generating cerebral edema. In large part, the study of cerebral …

Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between
multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate …

l-Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system and plays important roles in a wide variety of brain functions, but it is also a …

The mammalian genome contains four genes encoding GABA transporters (GAT1, slc6a1;
GAT2, slc6a13; GAT3, slc6a11; BGT1, slc6a12) and five glutamate transporter genes …

Astrocytes are highly complex cells that respond to a variety of external stimulations. One of
the chief functions of astrocytes is to optimize the interstitial space for synaptic transmission …

Highlights (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across
cell membranes, including those of astrocytes. The expression and subcellular localization …

Neither normal brain function nor the pathological processes involved in neurological
diseases can be adequately understood without knowledge of the release, uptake and …

Brain function is inextricably coupled to water homeostasis. The fact that most of the volume
between neurons is occupied by glial cells, leaving only a narrow extracellular space …