Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

Active matter encompasses systems whose individual constituents dissipate energy to exert
propelling forces on their environment. These systems exhibit dynamical phenomena with …

Abstract Systems coupled to multiple thermodynamic reservoirs can exhibit nonequilibrium
dynamics, breaking detailed balance to generate currents. To power these currents, the …

Cells are the basic units of all living matter which harness the flow of energy to drive the
processes of life. While the biochemical networks involved in energy transduction are well …

Living systems maintain or increase local order by working against the second law of
thermodynamics. Thermodynamic consistency is restored as they consume free energy …

Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility,
dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is responsible for many essential
subcellular processes. Interconnected narrow tubules at the periphery and thicker sheet-like …

When monitoring the dynamics of stochastic systems, such as interacting particles agitated
by thermal noise, disentangling deterministic forces from Brownian motion is challenging …

Identifying dissipation is essential for understanding the physical mechanisms underlying
nonequilibrium processes. In living systems, for example, the dissipation is directly related to …

Many biological functions are executed by molecular machines, which like man-made
motors are powered by chemical energy, released by adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis …